Professor Tim Dare and Justine Kingsbury
Auckland and Hamilton, September 16, 2021
With Covid-19 causing extraordinarily intrusive and expensive lockdowns, ‘Vaccine Passports’ or ‘Vaccine Certificates’ are increasingly seen as key to getting out of them.
Decision-makers and gatekeepers, from border guards to maître d’s, will have a means of knowing who can safely engage with others.
Inequality and discrimination
To that end, the New Zealand government aims to have one in place by year’s end.
But Vaccine Passports have also prompted riots and protests overseas, and there are as yet unanswered questions about their use domestically.
A central concern is that they will cause or exacerbate inequality because access to a passport relies on access to vaccines, and access to vaccines has been unequal.
Internationally, citizens of some countries are more likely to have access to vaccines – and so to Vaccine Passports – than citizens of other countries. And within countries, some individuals and groups are more likely to have access to vaccines than others.
Furthermore, these inequalities track familiar and ethically troubling fault lines: New Zealand has struggled to lift Maori vaccination rates to match those of European New Zealanders, though Maori are more at risk.
And Vaccine Passports could compound existing inequalities, as those with them return to work and other activities while those without remain trapped.
But there are reasons to think these legitimate concerns don’t automatically mean Vaccine Passports are unethical.
Firstly, the need to contain Covid-19 justifies the significant restrictions of important liberties in lockdowns. But to the extent that vaccines work, that justification doesn’t apply to someone who has been vaccinated. The justification for curtailing liberties has gone (or at least, given the possibility of breakthrough cases, been considerably weakened), so for the vaccinated the curtailment should go too.
Secondly, distinguishing between people on the basis of their Covid immunity may be discrimination, but it is not obvious that it is unjustified discrimination.
Whether someone is vaccinated or not is arguably legitimate grounds for discrimination.
The risk factors
The unvaccinated (for whatever reason) pose a greater risk to others than the vaccinated. They are also more likely to suffer severe symptoms if they get Covid-19.
Thirdly, one reason to tolerate inequality is that sometimes it improves the position of the disadvantaged. We might tolerate doctors’ high incomes, for example, if the promise of a higher income led people to study medicine and we believed a good supply of doctors benefited the worst-off members of our community.
Vaccine Passports might work the same way. They help get the economy going, so the government can support those still locked down. They’re also an incentive to vaccinate, and high vaccination rates are good for everyone — perhaps especially the unvaccinated.
An offer you can’t refuse
But the use of Vaccine Passports as incentives poses some real issues. How they are used is crucial. Under some proposals, Vaccine Passports are (like conventional passports) essentially another international travel document.
Increasingly, however, countries (including New Zealand potentially) are proposing their use to control access to a significant range of domestic activities, such as returning to work in person, dining out or going to concerts and sports events.
In this context, it is clear some incentives can be coercive: they might be an offer you cannot refuse.
There are some people desperate to travel overseas, perhaps for good family reasons.
But most of us can still decide whether the incentive of the IATA Travel Pass is enough to motivate us to travel.
(AP Photo by Matt Dunham)
Justified coercion?
Many people, though, will simply not be in a position to refuse the incentive of a domestic vaccine passport. Getting back to work and a pre-Covid life will not be a discretionary matter. For them, domestic Vaccine Passports are likely to be coercive.
For now at least, the government insists vaccination will not be mandatory. But effectively it will be for those who have no choice but to get a vaccine passport to work or have access to non-discretionary domestic activities.
And that coercion will not apply equally. There will be much greater pressure on those who are already socially disadvantaged and less able to make a genuine choice.
Coercion is sometimes justified, and perhaps the threat posed by Covid-19 warrants it.
However, we should be wary of accepting kinds of coercion that are discriminatory and inegalitarian.
So what should we do about Vaccine Passports and vaccine incentives?
We could restrict them to more discretionary activities, such as international travel, concerts and restaurants. That would be an offer anyone could refuse, especially the already disadvantaged.
Some Options
But this use of passports might be insufficient incentive, too many people might refuse to get one. That is a problem if we think trying to increase vaccination rates is justified.
So, we think that governments have a choice: they should address concerns about Vaccine Passports by avoiding uses that are coercive, discriminatory and inegalitarian. Alternatively, they should acknowledge their position that Covid-19 justifies coercion and make vaccination mandatory.
The second option would be less discriminatory and seems less likely to threaten trust and cooperation than the surreptitious and uneven compulsion provided by wide-ranging requirements for domestic vaccine passports.
Tim Dare is Professor of Philosophy at the University of Auckland and Justine Kingsbury is Senior Lecturer in Philosophy at the University of Waikato based in Hamilton. The above article and pictures have been published under Creative Commons Licence.
