Praneeta Mahajan
Hamilton, March 4, 2024
Parenting styles have long been a subject of interest among researchers, particularly when it comes to understanding how mothers and fathers approach the challenges of raising teenagers. As adolescents undergo significant physical, emotional, and social changes, it is essential to explore how parental roles may evolve during this crucial developmental stage. Indian Newslink delves into the existing research and expert commentary on the distinct parenting behaviours exhibited by mothers and fathers during the teenage years.
Early years
Research has shown that the brains of mothers undergo significant changes during pregnancy and postpartum. A landmark study conducted by Elseline Hoekzema and her colleagues, published in the journal Nature Neuroscience, utilised MRI scans to compare the brains of first-time mothers before and after pregnancy. The findings revealed notable alterations in grey matter volume, particularly in areas associated with social cognition, empathy, and the ability to understand the feelings of others.
Moreover, hormonal fluctuations, particularly elevated levels of oxytocin and estrogen during pregnancy have been linked to changes in the amygdala, a region of the brain involved in emotional processing. These adaptations are thought to enhance a mother’s ability to bond with and care for her child.
While less extensively studied than maternal brain changes, emerging research suggests that fathers also undergo neurological adaptations in response to parenthood. A study led by Pilyoung Kim at the University of Denver, published in Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, utilised fMRI scans to investigate structural changes in the brains of new fathers. The results indicated alterations in brain regions associated with reward, motivation, and emotional regulation. The hormonal changes in fathers, though not as dramatic as those in mothers, play a role in shaping paternal instincts and nurturing behaviours.
Communication Styles
Research studies, including a meta-analysis by Dr. Laura Padilla-Walker, published in the Journal of Youth and Adolescence, have indicated differences in communication styles between mothers and fathers when dealing with teenagers. Mothers tend to emphasise open communication and emotional expression, fostering an environment where teenagers feel comfortable sharing their thoughts and concerns. On the other hand, fathers may prioritise problem-solving and providing practical advice, often engaging in activities or side-by-side conversations.
Dr. Jennifer Smith, a family psychologist, noted that “Mothers often excel in creating emotionally supportive environments, encouraging teenagers to express their feelings. Fathers, meanwhile, may lean towards a more action-oriented approach, seeking to address problems directly and instil a sense of responsibility.”
Discipline Approaches
Studies, such as the work of Dr Diana Baumrind and subsequent research in the Journal of Adolescence, suggest variations in disciplinary strategies between mothers and fathers. Mothers may exhibit a more nurturing and empathetic disciplinary style, focusing on understanding the underlying emotions and motivations behind a teenager’s behaviour. Fathers, on the other hand, might emphasise rules, boundaries, and consequences, aiming to teach responsibility and accountability.
Dr Mark Johnson, a family therapist, comments, “Mothers often act as emotional anchors, providing comfort and understanding, especially during conflicts. Fathers may lean towards a more rule-oriented approach, emphasising the importance of structure and consistency.”
Involvement in Teenagers’ Social Lives
Research findings, including a study led by Dr Mary Harris published in the Journal of Marriage and Family, suggest differences in parental involvement in teenagers’ social lives. Mothers tend to engage more in emotional support and relationship-building, fostering connections with their teens’ friends. Fathers, on the other hand, may prioritise shared activities and mentoring, using quality time to impart life skills and values.
Dr Alan Turner, a sociologist specialising in family dynamics, notes, “Mothers often play a central role in creating a network of emotional support, while fathers contribute by providing a different perspective through shared activities. Both aspects are crucial in shaping a teenager’s social development.”
Parenting during the teenage years involves a dynamic interplay between mothers and fathers, each contributing unique strengths and approaches. Recognising and appreciating these differences can lead to more effective co-parenting and better outcomes for adolescents.
As teenagers navigate the complexities of adolescence, the synergy between maternal and paternal parenting styles becomes a critical factor in shaping their emotional well-being and future success.
Praneeta Mahajan is an Indian Newslink reporter based in Hamilton.
