Nick Munn
Hamilton, Auckland, August 26, 2020
The recent decision to delay the 2020 general election has given thousands more New Zealand citizens the opportunity to vote for the first time.
But while it is wonderful for those who turn 18 between the original election date and the new one, it does shine a spotlight on an ongoing source of inequality among New Zealand citizens: the voting age of 18 itself.
If these young people are capable of voting on October 17, they were probably capable of voting on September 19. Those four weeks are not going to be the difference between making reasoned or random choices when casting a vote.
Current disadvantages
The current system disadvantages an already vulnerable and powerless group – the young.
Lowering the voting age would address this. And we could start by listening to the young Kiwis who have taken their age discrimination campaign, Make it 16, to the High Court.
It is important to recognise the voting age limit of 18 for what it is – a procedural decision: 18 is a convenient number that happens to coincide with some (but not all) other age limits for the granting of rights in our society.
Procedural decisions are not necessarily bad. It might, for example, make sense to limit the ability to gain a driver’s licence to those 16 years of age or older.
This is not to claim that no-one under 16 could ever be capable of driving. Rather, the age limit of 16 is a reasonable imposition on an activity and can be justified by appeal to the development of certain capacities.
Age limits are arbitrary
But voting is not like driving. Political participation, of which voting is the prime example, is a human right, and protected as such. Driving is not. So the standard for justifying not letting someone vote is and should be higher than the standard of justification for not letting someone drive.
Why then don’t we let people vote until they are 18?
Some might say younger citizens are not capable of voting well and so should not be entitled to vote. Maybe under-18s do not pay enough attention to political news, or maybe they just cannot make political decisions.
Multiple problems
This line of reasoning runs into multiple problems.
If we really care about people being capable of voting well, then an age limit of 18 does not provide sufficient guidance. Young people do not receive powers of political reasoning as a magical 18th-birthday gift. In reality, they develop the skills over time and 18 is merely when we recognise them.
So, even if it is true that some people cannot vote well and therefore should not vote at all, this line of reasoning begs the question about the voting age.
It assumes, wrongly, that 18 is a good place to draw the line.
That is not the only problem. We should and do allow those with severe cognitive disabilities to vote once they are 18, despite many of these people having demonstrably less capacity for political decision-making than teenagers. If capacity to vote matters, it matters for everyone, not just for young people.
Others may argue that turnout among young voters is low compared to voters in general.
They are right – but so what? It is not clear to me that participation rates are the most important metric here. But even if we think they are, there is no reason to believe that letting younger citizens vote will cause overall rates to drop.
The Austrian example
On the contrary, there is reason to think the opposite. Evidence from Austria, which lowered the voting age to 16 for its 2008 elections, suggests that enfranchising very young voters improves their participation rates.
Importantly for the long-term health of our democracy, once very young voters have voted, they are more likely to continue voting than those who could not until they were 18.
Lowering the voting age may, in fact, benefit turnout. Voting is a habit which, once formed, is harder to break. If 16-year-olds have the desire but not the opportunity to vote, by the time they can, some percentage of them has become disengaged.
Voting young builds the habit
By contrast, if the development of the desire to vote coincides with the ability, they are more likely to act on that desire in the moment – and to continue voting in future.
This also helps dissolve a further objection, that young people are not interested in politics and so are less likely to make good choices.
A legitimate reason for young people not to care about politics is that they cannot participate in the first place. Being able to vote is an incentive for younger people to learn about politics in ways they otherwise might not.
So spare a thought for those who will turn 18 just after October 17, who miss out simply because of when the election falls. We can and should do better by recognising this inequity and working to change the voting age for 2023.
Nick Munn is Senior Lecturer in Philosophy, University of Waikato. The above article has been published under Creative Commons Licence.
